Adequacy of Visually Classified Particle Count Statistics From Regional Stream Habitat Surveys1

Abstract: Streamlined sampling procedures must be used to achieve a sufficient sample size with limited resources in studies undertaken to evaluate habitat status and potential management‐related habitat degradation at a regional scale. At the same time, these sampling procedures must achieve sufficient precision to answer science and policy‐relevant questions with an acceptable and statistically quantifiable level of uncertainty. In this paper, we examine precision and sources of error in streambed substrate characterization using data from the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which uses a modified “pebble count” method in which particle sizes are visually estimated rather than measured. While the coarse (2?) size classes used in EMAP have little effect on the precision of estimated geometric mean (D_gm) or median (D₅₀) particle diameter, variable classification bias among observers can contribute as much as 0.3?, or about 15‐20%, to the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of D_gm or D₅₀ estimates. D_gm and D₅₀ estimates based on EMAP data are nearly equal when fine sediments (<2 mm) are excluded, but otherwise can differ by up to a factor of 2 or more, with D_gm < D₅₀ for gravel‐bed streams. The RMSE of reach‐scale particle size estimates based on visually classified particle count data from EMAP surveys, including variability associated with reoccupying unmarked sample reaches during revisits, is up to five to seven times higher than that reported for traditional measured pebble counts by multiple observers at a plot scale. Nonetheless, a variance partitioning analysis shows that the ratio of among site to revisit variance for several EMAP substrate metrics exceeds 8 for many potential regions of interest, suggesting that the data have adequate precision to be useful in regional assessments of channel morphology, habitat quality, or ecological condition.     

基于SolidWorks采用Visual C++开发模具标准件库

介绍了在目前流行的三维特征造型系统SolidWorks的基础上,采用Microsoft Visual C++ 作为开发语言进行二次开发的原理,并用实例介绍了开发标准件库的方法.     

装甲车辆舱室湿度调节系统设计与研制

目的设计研制舱室湿度调节系统,用于开展装甲车辆舱室热舒适性测试与评价技术研究。方法通过任务计算机设定实验任务,并将湿度目标值通过RS485总线传输给PLC控制器,由PLC控制器控制加湿机和除湿机工作,同时由湿度传感器对舱室内的湿度进行实施监控,达到目标值后,进行加湿和除湿的动态控制。结果该系统可实现20%～95%舱内湿度调节。结论为开展装甲车辆舱室湿热环境研究奠定实验基础。     

空调假人温度修正试验研究

目的使空调假人得到的温度数据更加接近真实数值。方法采集相同环境下真人衣服表面温度与空调假人的温度,并将二者的数据进行对比和拟合。结果揭示了空调假人温度与真人衣服表面温度之间的关系,将二者的关系拟合为二次方程,得到了空调假人温度修正公式,使空调假人温度数据更接近真人衣服表面的实测温度数据。结论对比发现,空调假人所采集的温度数据与真人温度数据有较大不同。得到的修正公式可用于基于空调假人的热舒适性评价,可以提高热舒适性计算的准确性。与传统方法相比,该方法计算简便,有利于工程中的实际应用。     

基于VB的LIMS系统废气污染源数据快速录入方法研究

Laboratory Information Management System(LIMS)系统集中应用于实验室分析阶段,而在现场监测数据管理上依然存在不足,现场监测数据信息量大,LIMS系统暂未开发配套的数据便捷录入方式,而手动录入费时费力,故基于LIMS系统的监测数据快速录入问题亟待解决.该文以废气污染源数据为切入点,利用LIMS系统数据表导出功能,通过Visual Basic(VB)语言实现了废气污染源数据的LIMS系统快速录入,取代了手工数据录入方式,实现了针对LIMS系统数据管理的进一步优化,该文还就监测数据便捷录入发展阶段展开论述.     

基于AE的燃气管网事故分析模块设计与实现

随着城市燃气管网的飞速发展,在役燃气管道的安全问题日益突出,针对燃气事故致因及后果,基于ArcGIS网络模型,运用GIS网络拓扑分析、空间数据库等技术,设计利用管网网络模型实现管网事故分析方法,并结合C#+ArcEngine编程技术实现燃气管网事故分析模块,该模块实现爆管分析、燃气泄漏扩散范围分析、最优路径分析、连通性...     

The Effects of Hearing Protectors on Auditory Localization: Evidence From Audio-Visual Target Acquisitioi

Response times (RT) in an audio-visual target acquisition task were collected from 3 participants while wearing either circumaural earmuffs, foam earplugs, or no hearing protection. Analyses revealed that participants took significantly longer to locate and identify an audio-visual target in both hearing protector conditions than they did in the unoccluded condition, suggesting a disturbance of the cues used by listeners to localize sounds in space. RTs were significantly faster in both hearing protector conditions than in a non-audio control condition, indicating that auditory localization was not completely disrupted. Results are discussed in terms of safety issues involved with wearing hearing protectors in an occupational environment.     

Effects of Ergorest® Arm Supports on Muscle Strain and Wrist Positions During the Use of the Mouse and Keyboard in Work With Visual Display Units: A Work Site Intervention

The effects of Ergorest^® arm supports on wrist angles and musculoskeletal strain in the neck-shoulder-arm region and electrical activity in the shoulder and arm muscles were studied during typing or the use of the mouse in work with a visual display unit (VDU). Twenty-one women were randomized into 3 groups (1 arm support, 2 arm supports, and control). Measurements were carried out before and after the 6-week intervention. The wrist extension of the mouse hand, the muscle activity of the trapezius muscle, and the subjective discomfort ratings indicated that 2 arm supports were better than 1 in work with a mouse. The Ergorest^® arm support alleviates muscle and joint strain in VDU work when used for both arms.     

Hearing Protectors: Topicality and Research Needs

Occupational noise specialists do not generally recommend hearing protection devices (HPDs) as a preferred solution to noise risk prevention. Nevertheless, these devices are widely used and are in fact often necessary. Selection of an HPD should take into account comfort and the capacity for perceiving external signals, when they are worn. Current European regulations require that HPD attenuation be considered, when comparing noise exposure to limit values. However, HPD attenuation is effectively unknown under real-world conditions. Some methods are designed to give approximate attenuation values and these provide results within a wide statistical range. Field measurement methods and current standards have been developed to deal with this situation. The specific characteristic of impulse noise requires establishment of dedicated criteria and tools for HPD selection and testing. This paper introduces a number of avenues for research, which could be of assistance in improving HPD selection, qualification and design.     

道路常亮型LED补光灯对驾驶人员的视觉影响

为研究道路常亮型LED补光灯对安全驾驶的影响,通过实测道路现场光照数据构建室内眼动实验,分析不同照度下被试者瞳孔大小的变化和视觉感受变化特征,为道路常亮型LED补光灯的照度设置提供依据。结果表明:道路常亮型LED补光灯光照强度变化对驾驶人员视觉有影响,光照强度从100×10-1 lx变化到700×10-1 lx时,被试者瞳孔逐渐缩小,但能看得清目标;光照强度从700×10-1 lx变化到1 700×10-1 lx时,被试者瞳孔进一步缩小,瞳孔缩小至约3.5 mm时开始看不清楚目标。为减小道路常亮型LED补光灯对驾驶人员的视觉影响,道路常亮型LED补光灯的照度应该设置在700×10-1 lx以下。